By Kristen Hayes, CEI Intern
Pisani et al. (2013) proposed that efforts to reduce youth suicide should focus on developmentally-salient risk and protective processes. They investigated emotional regulation difficulties and relationships with trusted adults as potential risks and buffers for suicide attempts in high school students.
Students who perceived themselves as lacking the means to respond to and recover from an emotional upset were more likely to have attempted suicide in the last year.
Among those who reported frequently experiencing overwhelming or unmanageable emotions, those who also said they had an adult in their family with whom they could talk were less likely to have any suicide attempts than those who did not have a trusted adult.
The adult-child relationship counteracted negative effects of poor emotional regulation to and lowered the probability of suicide attempts.
Students engaging with trusted adults at school also had a lower risk for suicide attempt, even when experiencing overwhelming negative emotions.
Based on their results, Pisani et al. (2013) suggest that schools can contribute to lowering the risk of youth suicide by 1) promoting students’ emotion regulation abilities and 2) helping students foster trusting relationships with adults at school.
Emotion Regulation
Emotion regulation can be a difficult subject to address given that the regulatory processes occur internally. Zeman et al. (2006) offer external behaviors that school staff can look out for that may indicate current or future potential emotion regulation difficulties:
Extreme shyness or an innate anger at the world. These characteristics are often natural tendencies derived from a child’s temperament. Although not inherently bad, they can inhibit adaptive processes in stressful or challenging environments.
Continual lack of response to emotionally provocative events. This often looks like a “poker face.”
Difficulty maintaining friendships due to an overreactive or under-reactive emotional response style. The intensity of the causal events does not match the intensity of the reaction.
Repeated responses of anger. Apparent outbursts of anger do not necessarily come from anger-causing events. Instead, they may represent a child’s lack of ability to understand his or her emotions and how to express them.
A poor family emotional environment. Much of emotion regulation is learned through social observation. Thus, a family’s emotional climate is typically predictive of the emotion regulation skills with which a child is equipped.
Positive Mentoring
In her work on resilience, Jean Brooks (2006) discusses how positive mentoring relationships between teachers and students help students display positive outcomes above and beyond what one would expect given the vulnerabilities and adversity they face. While teachers are often cited as one of the most salient sources of caring relationships, several other school employees such as receptionists, custodians, administrative staff, and food service workers are equally or more valuable. These school staff members often better represent the diversity of the school’s students in terms of gender, ethnicity, culture, and life experience, and therefore can help cast a wider net to capture more students (Milner, 2018). Thus, it is important that schools do not overlook these adults and their contributions to student well-being.
The issue of youth suicide is a concern of public health that needs to be attacked from all sides. The social context of the school, and especially adult-child relationships, can help abate students’ emotion regulation difficulties and thereby lower the probability of suicide attempts in youth.
References
Brooks, J. E. (2006). Strengthening resilience in children and youths: Maximizing opportunities through the schools. Children & Schools, 28(2), 69–76.
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2019). Leading causes of death reports, 1981 – 2017.
Humphrey, N., Kalambouka, A., Bolton, J., Lendrum, A., Wigelsworth, M., Lennie, C., & Farrell, P. (2008). Primary social and emotional aspects of learning (SEAL): Evaluation of small group work. Manchester, UK: School of Education, University of Manchester.
McLaughlin, C. (2008). Emotional well-being and its relationship to schools and classrooms: A critical reflection. British Journal of Guidance and Counseling 36(4), 353-366.
Milner, H. R. (2018, October). Disruptive punitive practices and policies: Race(ing) back to teaching, teacher preparation, and Brown. Annual Brown Lecture. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Washington D. C.
Pisani, A. R., Wyman, P. A., Petrova, M., Schmeelk-Cone, K., Goldston, D. B., Xia, Y., & Gould, M. S. (2013). Emotion regulation difficulties, youth-adult relationships, and suicide attempts among high school students in underserved communities. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(6), 807-820.
Zeman, J., Cassano, M., Perry-Parrish, C., & Stegall, S. (2006). Emotion regulation in children and adolescents. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 27(2), 155-168.